基于主成分分析评价园林小菊资源在西宁地区的适应性

为筛选适宜在西宁地区栽培推广的园林小菊资源,选取7份金陵系列园林小菊资源,通过测定菊花的表型性状及生理生化指标,采用相关分析、主成分分析、综合评价和聚类分析对7种园林小菊资源在西宁地区的观赏性和栽培适应性进行了评价。结果表明,7份菊花资源的株高、主茎粗、叶长、叶宽、叶重、花朵数、单花重、花层数、花径和冠幅的变异系数为28.80%~35.43%。相关分析表明,株高与冠幅、花层数与叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量间存在极显著正相关关系。主成分分析提取到3个主成分,第1主成分为“光合色素因子”,主要包括叶绿素a和类胡萝卜素含量;第2主成分为“花器官因子”,主要影响因子为花层数和花径;第3主成分为“植株形态因子”,主要包括株高、冠幅和叶长。聚类分析将7份菊花资源分为三类：第一类包括‘金陵赤心’和‘金陵红荷’,表现为叶绿素含量较低、植株较矮小、主茎较粗、叶片较重;第二类包括‘金陵潋滟’和‘金陵月桂’,表现为植株高大、冠幅宽大、花层数较多;第三类包括‘金陵玫瑰金’、‘金陵笑靥’和‘金陵阳光’,表现为花层数多、叶绿素含量较高。对7份资源进行综合评价（F值）,排名由高到低依次为：‘金陵玫瑰金’>‘金陵红荷’>‘金陵笑靥’>‘金陵阳光’>‘金陵赤心’>‘金陵潋滟’>‘金陵月桂’。综上所述,“光合色素因子”和“花器官因子”可作为适应性评价重要依据。‘金陵玫瑰金’和‘金陵笑靥’综合表现优异,在西宁地区具有较强的适应性,为菊花品种适应性评价及栽培技术提供了重要参考。     

Strategies for further development of aquatic feeds

ABSTRACT: To date, aquatic feeds have depended heavily on fishmeal and fish oil as their source of protein and lipid. However, the feed industry is encountering shortfalls in the availability of these ingredients because of a decline in the number of fish captured in the wild and the increased human demand for some of the species currently being used for fishmeal and oil production. Therefore, efforts are now being directed in different parts of the world to finding alternative quality ingredients, which ideally are less expensive and readily available for use in practical diets. The data accrued have shown that a large proportion of both fishmeal and fish oil can be replaced by other protein and lipid sources. However, it is emphasized that an optimal essential amino acid balance be maintained and that the n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid requirement be satisfied when combining economical protein and lipid ingredients. Newly developed feeds should aim at being nutrient-dense in order to reduce the output of solid, P and N waste. This can be done through improving nutrient availability, optimizing the digestible protein to energy balance of the diet, and replacing dietary fishmeal with alternate ingredients. These diets should also be effective for maintaining good health and improving disease resistance in fish through enhancement of immune responses. A wholesome approach to culturing fish would be to use appropriate feeding standards that are aimed not only at improving economic returns but also at developing a lasting cohabitation of sustainable aquaculture and a cleaner environment. Furthermore, in the 2lst century aquaculture would still retain its place as a prominent source of food protein, signifying that fish feed research remains a forceful area in discovering better feeds for the industry.     

罗氏沼虾育苗循环水处理技术与模式

将育苗用水经消毒及沉淀处理后作为试验基础用水,应用泡沫分离器、经预处理的生物滤器和紫外线消毒器等处理罗氏沼虾育苗循环水,使水质得到了有效控制。试验期间,对照池以大量换水及用药等传统方式维持水质,而试验池未曾用药和换水,较对照池节约水67.5%;试验池主要水质指标变化范围如下:NH3 Nm:0～0.010mg·L-1,NO2- N:0.01～0.63mg·L-1,pH:7.48～8.37,CODMn:5.42～12.25mg·L-1,细菌总数:(4.2～130)×103cell·mL-1,弧菌数:(0.2～20)×102cell·mL-1;试验组出苗率为40%,高出对照组33.3%。生产性育苗试验中,试验池与对照池均获得了30%的出苗率。据试验结果及罗氏沼虾育苗特点,提出了处理罗氏沼虾育苗循环水的技术与模式。     

Effects of crushed conspecifics on growth and survival of Penaeus monodon Fabricius post larvae

In the present study, the hypothesis tested was that Penaeus monodon post‐larvae (PL) experience lower growth when exposed to crushed conspecifics, which was achieved by exposing individual P. monodon PL with abundant food for 4 weeks to a gradient from 0 to 100 crushed conspecific PL L^?1. Both dry weight (48.5±7.2 mg) and body size (28.0±1.3 mm) of animals exposed to 1 macerated PL L^?1 were significantly (P≤0.011) higher than those of animals in treatments with 0, 5 and 10 crushed PL L^?1 (average over treatments: 25.6±3.2 mg; 23.4±0.5 mm). All animals died within 1 week when exposed to 70 and 100 crushed PL L^?1, and within 3–4 weeks when exposed to 50 and 30 crushed PL L^?1. Exposure time affected mortality and it appeared that LC₅₀ values decreased from 60 to 13 crushed PL L^?1 from 1 to 4 weeks' exposure. Survival of P. monodon PL was negatively correlated to pH, biological oxygen demand, ammonia and nitrate. In conclusion, low dose of crushed conspecifics has a stimulatory effect on P. monodon PL, as larvae were heavier and larger, while high doses cause high mortality.     

池塘闭路循环水养虾的研究

阐述了池塘闭路循环水水质的变化及养虾效果,循环水开机4h后,氮氮和化学耗氧量,分别降低了11.09％和17.35％,下层水的溶解氧含量比对照池提高了1.22ml/L,并使上、下水层的水温和pH值趋向平衡。生产应用试验证明,使用闭路循环水比对照池的成活率提高了7.78％,降低投饵系数12.18％,提高产量19.21％,每公顷增加效益6354元。     

对虾养殖中新生残饵耗氧动态及其规律的研究

本文根据实验模拟研究的结果，估算了由配合饵料和贻贝肉形成残饵后３６天时间内的耗氧量，并讨论了其耗氧动态和规律。残饵耗氧量的变化范围为４．０９～１７．６１ｇ／ｋｇ·ｄ。残饵耗氧曲线随残饵形成时间的不同而显著变化，且始终呈二次曲线衰减形式，在其演变过程中，该二次曲线方程的二次项系数由负数逐渐演变为正数，并最终接近于污染虾塘底质的耗氧曲线。配合饵料和贻贝肉的耗氧曲线变化形式相近，但程度上存在较大差异。另外，本文还初步探讨了残饵的耗氧高峰期，估算了残饵在虾塘底质总耗氧量中的作用。     

高密度纤维板数控雕刻加工工艺研究

本文以高密度纤维板为原料,采用正交试验探究雕刻工艺对产品质量的影响,得到在该试验水平范围内最优雕刻工艺参数:主轴转速为24000 r·min-1,路径间距为0.20 mm,加工速度为6000 mm·min-1.为数控雕刻在高密度纤维板上应用提供了参考和技术支撑.     

山药片红外联合热风干燥热质传递收缩模拟与品质

为了准确揭示山药片红外联合热风干燥传热传质机理,在考虑山药片收缩变形特性的基础上,通过有限元软件COMSOL6.1建立了“温度场-湿度场”多场耦合的山药片红外联合热风干燥传热传质模型。模拟研究基于山药片在不同温度（50、60、70 ℃）下收缩变形的传热传质,并通过试验进行验证。分析不同温度对山药片品质（色差、复水比、多糖和尿囊素含量）的影响。结果表明：1）山药片体积比随干燥温度的升高而增加,在干燥温度分别为50、60、70 ℃时,其值分别为34.55%、37.23%、39.04%。2）在干燥温度为50、60、70 ℃时,红外联合热风干燥收缩模型可准确预测山药片干燥过程中干燥温度和含水率,其决定系数R²分别为0.973、0.976、0.981和0.983、0.984、0.974。3）山药片外部温度升高,表面水分开始蒸发,形成水分梯度。随着干燥的继续,红外热量在山药片内部不断积累,导致内部温度升高,水分向外扩散,进而减小了内外水分梯度。随着干燥温度的升高,增加了山药片温度和湿度梯度,促进了热量和质量的传递,提高了水分迁移的速率。4）在60 ℃时,干燥品质最优,其色差为7.49、复水比为2.65 kg/kg、多糖含量为24.17 mg/g、尿囊素含量为2.66 μg/g。该模型为其他物料在红外联合热风干燥技术的模拟研究提供有益借鉴。